[Compound Operators]
Description
The compound bitwise AND operator (&=) is often used with a variable and a constant to force particular bits in a variable to the LOW state (to 0). This is often referred to in programming guides as “clearing” or “resetting” bits.
Syntax
x &= y; // equivalent to x = x & y;
Parameters
x
: a char, int or long variabley
: an integer constant or char, int, or long
Example
First, a review of the Bitwise AND (&) operator
0 0 1 1 operand1 0 1 0 1 operand2 ---------- 0 0 0 1 (operand1 & operand2) - returned result
Bits that are “bitwise ANDed” with 0 are cleared to 0 so, if myByte is a byte variable,
myByte & B00000000 = 0;
Bits that are “bitwise ANDed” with 1 are unchanged so,
myByte & B11111111 = myByte;
Note: because we are dealing with bits in a bitwise operator – it is convenient to use the binary formatter with constants. The numbers are still the same value in other representations, they are just not as easy to understand. Also, B00000000 is shown for clarity, but zero in any number format is zero (hmmm something philosophical there?)
Consequently – to clear (set to zero) bits 0 & 1 of a variable, while leaving the rest of the variable unchanged, use the compound bitwise AND operator (&=) with the constant B11111100
1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 variable 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 mask ---------------------- 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 variable unchanged bits cleared
Here is the same representation with the variable’s bits replaced with the symbol x.
x x x x x x x x variable 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 mask ---------------------- x x x x x x 0 0 variable unchanged bits cleared
So if:
myByte = 10101010; myByte &= B1111100 == B10101000;
See also
Language Reference Home
The text of the 86Duino reference is a modification of the Arduino reference and is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 License. Code samples in the reference are released into the public domain.